How to cite PRIMER in your publications

For referencing the software itself, it is best to quote the User Manual:
Clarke, KR, Gorley, RN, 2006. PRIMER v6: User Manual/Tutorial. PRIMER-E, Plymouth.

For the core methods in PRIMER (Cluster, MDS, ANOSIM, SIMPER, BEST), we suggest in the manual that you cite the Aust J Ecol paper:
Clarke, KR (1993). Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology 18: 117-143.

If you don't mind using a grey literature publication you can use in addition, or instead, the Methods Manual that comes with the software:
Clarke, KR, Warwick RM (2001). Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation, 2nd edition. PRIMER-E, Plymouth.

Download a searchable list of papers citing PRIMER methods

Papers (.doc file,1.8M, or zip, 454K)
Citing journals alphabetic (.doc file, 131K, or .zip, 20K)

PRIMER methods papers (from Plymouth Marine Laboratory), plus SCI citations [x] to March 2008

FIELD JG, CLARKE KR, WARWICK RM (1982) A practical strategy for analysing multispecies distribution patterns. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 8, 37-52 [777]

WARWICK RM (1986) A new method for detecting pollution effects on marine macrobenthic communities. Mar Biol 92, 557-562 [226]

CLARKE KR, GREEN RH (1988) Statistical design and analysis for a 'biological effects' study. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 46, 213-226 [564]

GRAY JS, ASCHAN M, CARR MR, CLARKE KR, GREEN RH, PEARSON TH, ROSENBERG R, WARWICK RM (1988) Analysis of community attributes of the benthic macrofauna of Frierfjord/Langesundfjord and in a mesocosm experiment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 46, 151-165 [153]

CLARKE KR (1990) Comparisons of dominance curves. J exp mar Biol Ecol 138, 143-157 [89]

GRAY JS, CLARKE KR, WARWICK RM, HOBBS G (1990) Detection of initial effects of pollutants on marine benthos: an example from the Ekofisk and Eldfisk oilfields, N Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 66, 285-299 [200]

WARWICK RM, CLARKE KR, GEE JM (1990) The effect of disturbance by soldier crabs, Mictyris platycheles H Milne Edwards, on meiobenthic community structure. J exp mar Biol Ecol 135, 19-33 [89]

WARWICK RM, CLARKE KR, SUHARSONO (1990) A statistical analysis of coral community responses to the 1982-83 El Nino in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia. Coral Reefs 8, 171-179 [67]

WARWICK RM, CLARKE KR (1991) A comparison of some methods for analysing changes in benthic community structure. J mar biol Ass UK 71, 225-244 [186]

CLARKE KR (1993) Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust J Ecol 18, 117-143 [1550]

CLARKE KR, AINSWORTH M (1993) A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 92, 205-219 [392]

CLARKE KR, WARWICK RM, BROWN BE (1993) An index showing breakdown of seriation, related to disturbance, in a coral-reef assemblage. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 102, 153-160 [33]

WARWICK RM (1993) Environmental impact studies on marine communities: pragmatical considerations. Aust J Ecol 18, 63-80 [215]

WARWICK RM, CLARKE KR (1993) Comparing the severity of disturbance: a meta-analysis of marine macrobenthic community data. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 92, 221-231 [130]

WARWICK RM, CLARKE KR (1993) Increased variability as a symptom of stress in marine communities. J exp mar Biol Ecol 172, 215-226 [146]

CLARKE KR, WARWICK RM (1994) Similarity-based testing for community pattern: the 2-way layout with no replication. Mar Biol 118, 167-176 [60]

SOMERFIELD PJ, GEE JM, WARWICK RM (1994) Soft sediment meiofaunal community structure in relation to a long-term heavy metal gradient in the Fal estuary system. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 105, 79-88 [68]

SOMERFIELD PJ, CLARKE KR (1995) Taxonomic levels, in marine community studies, revisited. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 127, 113-119 [105]

WARWICK RM, CLARKE KR (1995) New ‘biodiversity’ measures reveal a decrease in taxonomic distinctness with increasing stress. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 129, 301-305 [136]

SOMERFIELD PJ, CLARKE KR (1997) A comparison of some methods commonly used for the collection of sublittoral sediments and their associated fauna. Mar Environ Res 43, 145-156 [32]

OLSGARD F, SOMERFIELD PJ, CARR MR (1997) Relationships between taxonomic resolution and data transformations in analyses of a macrobenthic community along an established pollution gradient. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 149, 173-181 [74]

CLARKE KR, WARWICK RM (1998) Quantifying structural redundancy in ecological communities. Oecologia 113, 278-289 [45]

CLARKE KR, WARWICK RM (1998) A taxonomic distinctness index and its statistical properties. J appl Ecol 35, 523-531 [104]

WARWICK RM, CLARKE KR (1998) Taxonomic distinctness and environmental assessment. J appl Ecol 35, 532-543 [65]

CLARKE KR (1999) Non-metric multivariate analysis in community-level ecotoxicology. Environ Toxicol Chem 18, 118-127 [27]

CLARKE KR, WARWICK RM (1999) The taxonomic distinctness measure of biodiversity: weighting of step lengths between hierarchical levels. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 184, 21-29 [60]

CLARKE KR, WARWICK RM (2001) A further biodiversity index applicable to species lists: variation in taxonomic distinctness. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 216, 265-278 [55]

POTTER IC, BIRD DJ, CLARIDGE PN, CLARKE KR, HYNDES GA, NEWTON LC (2001) Fish fauna of the Severn Estuary. Are there long-term changes in abundance and species composition and are the recruitment patterns of the main marine species correlated? J exp mar Biol Ecol 258, 15-37 [16]

WARWICK RM, CLARKE KR (2001) Practical measures of marine biodiversity based on relatedness of species. Oceanog Mar Biol Ann Rev 39, 207-231 [54]

WIDDICOMBE S, AUSTEN MC (2001) The interaction between physical disturbance and organic enrichment: an important element in structuring benthic communities. Limnol Oceanog 46, 1720-1733 [14]

SOMERFIELD PJ, CLARKE KR, OLSGARD F (2002). A comparison of the power of categorical and correlational tests applied to community ecology data from gradient studies. J Anim Ecol 71: 581-593 [9]

WARWICK RM, ASHMAN CM, BROWN AR, CLARKE KR, DOWELL B, HART B, LEWIS RE, SHILLABEER N, SOMERFIELD PJ, TAPP JF (2002) Inter-annual changes in the biodiversity and community structure of the macrobenthos in Tees Bay and the Tees estuary, UK, associated with local and regional environmental events. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 234, 1-13 [21]

BROWN BE, CLARKE KR, WARWICK RM (2002). Serial patterns of biodiversity change in corals across shallow reef flats in Ko Phuket, Thailand, due to the effects of local (sedimentation) and regional (climatic) perturbations. Mar Biol 141, 21-29 [18]

VALESINI FJ, CLARKE KR, ELIOT I, POTTER IC (2003) A user-friendly quantitative approach to classifying nearshore marine habitats along a heterogeneous coast. Est Coast Shelf Sci 57, 163-177 [7]

STOFFELS RJ, CLARKE KR, CLOSS GP (2005) Spatial scale and benthic community organisation in the littoral zones of large oligotrophic lakes: potential for cross-scale interaction. Freshwat Biol 50, 1131-1145 [2]

CLARKE KR, SOMERFIELD PJ, CHAPMAN MG (2006) On resemblance measures for ecological studies, including taxonomic dissimilarities and a zero-adjusted Bray-Curtis coefficient for denuded assemblages. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 330, 55-80 [6]

CLARKE KR, CHAPMAN MG, SOMERFIELD PJ, NEEDHAM HR (2006) Dispersion-based weighting of species counts in assemblage analyses. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 320, 11-27 [1]

CLARKE KR, SOMERFIELD PJ, AIROLDI L, WARWICK RM (2006) Exploring interactions by second-stage community analyses. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 338, 179-192 [0]

Books/manuals

CLARKE KR, WARWICK RM (1994 & 2001) Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation. 1st edition: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK, 144pp. 2nd edition: PRIMER-E, Plymouth, UK, 172pp [1788]

CLARKE KR, GORLEY RN (2001 & 2006) PRIMER v5 (& v6): User manual/tutorial, PRIMER-E, Plymouth UK, 91pp (& 192pp) [491]